特点之一：坚持生态优先、绿色发展

党的二十大报告强调，“大自然是人类赖以生存发展的基本条件。尊重自然、顺应自然、保护自然，是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的内在要求。必须牢固树立和践行绿水青山就是金山银山的理念，站在人与自然和谐共生的高度谋划发展”。绿色发展需要遵循生态系统的动态平衡规律和自然资源的再生循环规律，满足环境资源供给，维护基本的发展条件。生态环境是社会经济发展的必备要素，是实现经济社会全面转型，促进绿色发展，创造科学发展新模式的关键。

《意见》在“总体要求”部分提出“坚定不移走生态优先、节约集约、绿色低碳高质量发展道路”，并将这一要求贯穿于文件的主要目标、重点任务和保障措施中。例如，《意见》提出，“到2030年，重点领域绿色转型取得积极进展，绿色生产方式和生活方式基本形成，减污降碳协同能力显著增强；到2035年，绿色低碳循环发展经济体系基本建立，绿色生产方式和生活方式广泛形成，减污降碳协同增效取得显著进展，美丽中国目标基本实现”，描绘出生态优先、绿色发展的美好蓝图。

特点之二：以碳达峰碳中和工作为引领

《意见》将碳达峰碳中和放在重要位置，提出“以碳达峰碳中和工作为引领，协同推进降碳、减污、扩绿、增长，深化生态文明体制改革，健全绿色低碳发展机制，加快经济社会发展全面绿色转型”。从经济实践上看，碳达峰碳中和下的经济管理是如何在“条”和“块”两个维度（即产业和空间上）推动全面绿色转型的问题，《意见》对此进行了全面部署。

产业转型需要源头、过程和终端各类行业的联动，涉及传统产业绿色低碳转型、新型绿色低碳产业发展以及低碳领域的科技创新等。碳排放是被生产链上下游的供求关系和互补替代关系牵引关联的，碳是在整个生产网络中流动的，这样就会形成碳排放的节点行业，因此识别并把握碳节点产业是低碳转型和绿色发展的关键所在。从长远来看，碳中和的实现需要能源领域的脱碳，基于我国的能源结构特征，从高效利用化石能源、大力发展非化石能源，到构建适配清洁能源的电力体系，是一个需要稳妥推进的过程。《意见》对加快产业结构绿色低碳转型、稳妥推进能源绿色低碳转型、发挥科技创新支撑作用等任务作出了具体部署。

在空间系统方面，需要城乡、区域和国际各类空间的协同，涉及全国一盘棋和因地制宜推动区域绿色发展的关系。我国各个区域产业和能源结构差异较大，地方经济的低碳转型不能一刀切，而应该根据不同的区域特征，统筹推进协调发展，实现因地制宜协同转型。《意见》提出要坚持协同转型，充分考虑不同地区、不同行业的发展实际，坚持统筹推进与重点突破相结合，科学设定绿色转型的时间表、路线图、施工图，并对构建绿色低碳高质量发展空间格局、推进城乡建设发展绿色转型等任务作出系统安排。

One of the characteristics: adhere to ecological priority and green development

The report of the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China stressed that "nature is the basic condition for human survival and development." Respecting, adapting to and protecting nature are inherent requirements for comprehensively building a modern socialist country. We must firmly establish and practice the concept that clear waters and green mountains are gold hills and silver mountains, and plan development in the height of harmonious coexistence between man and nature." Green development needs to follow the law of dynamic balance of the ecosystem and the law of regeneration and circulation of natural resources, meet the supply of environmental resources, and maintain the basic conditions for development. Ecological environment is an essential element of social and economic development, and is the key to achieving comprehensive economic and social transformation, promoting green development, and creating a new model of scientific development.

In the "general requirements" part of the "Opinions", it is proposed to "unswervingly take the road of ecological priority, economy-intensive, green, low-carbon and high-quality development", and this requirement runs through the main objectives, key tasks and safeguard measures of the document. For example, the Opinions put forward that "by 2030, positive progress will be made in green transformation in key areas, green production methods and lifestyles will be basically formed, and the collaborative capacity for reducing pollution and carbon will be significantly enhanced;" By 2035, an economic system for green, low-carbon and circular development will be basically established, green production methods and lifestyles will be widely formed, significant progress will be made in synergies to reduce pollution and carbon emissions, and the goal of a beautiful China will be basically achieved, "he said, drawing a blueprint for ecological priority and green development.

Feature two: to carbon peak carbon neutral work as the lead

The "Opinions" put carbon peak carbon neutrality in an important position, and proposed that "guided by the work of carbon peak carbon neutrality, we should jointly promote carbon reduction, pollution reduction, green expansion and growth, deepen the reform of the ecological civilization system, improve the green and low-carbon development mechanism, and accelerate the comprehensive green transformation of economic and social development." From the perspective of economic practice, how to promote comprehensive green transformation under the economic management of carbon peak carbon neutrality in the two dimensions of "strip" and "block" (that is, industry and space), the "Opinions" have been fully deployed.

Industrial transformation requires the linkage of various industries in the source, process and terminal, involving the green and low-carbon transformation of traditional industries, the development of new green and low-carbon industries, and scientific and technological innovation in the field of low-carbon. Carbon emissions are driven by the supply and demand relationship and the complementary substitution relationship between the upstream and downstream of the production chain, and carbon flows in the entire production network, which will form a node industry of carbon emissions. Therefore, identifying and grasping the carbon node industry is the key to low-carbon transformation and green development. In the long run, the realization of carbon neutrality requires the decarbonization of the energy sector, based on the characteristics of China's energy structure, from the efficient use of fossil energy, vigorously develop non-fossil energy, to build a power system suitable for clean energy, is a process that needs to be steadily promoted. The "Opinions" made specific arrangements for the tasks of accelerating the green and low-carbon transformation of industrial structure, steadily promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of energy, and giving play to the supporting role of scientific and technological innovation.

In terms of spatial systems, the coordination of urban and rural, regional and international Spaces is needed, involving the relationship between national chess and promoting regional green development according to local conditions. China's various regional industrial and energy structure is very different, the low-carbon transformation of the local economy can not be a one-size-fits-all, but should be based on different regional characteristics, overall promotion of coordinated development, to achieve coordinated transformation according to local conditions. The Opinions propose to adhere to coordinated transformation, fully consider the actual development of different regions and different industries, adhere to the combination of overall promotion and key breakthroughs, scientifically set the timetable, roadmap, and construction drawings of green transformation, and make systematic arrangements for the construction of green, low-carbon and high-quality development spatial pattern, and promote the green transformation of urban and rural construction and development.