近日，从中国石化获悉，我国首口超5000米深层地热科学探井——福深热1井成功钻探至5200米，再次刷新了我国地热科学探井的最深纪录，并在多个地层获得地热资源，标志着华南地区深层地热勘探取得新突破。

福深热1井成功钻探至地下5200米

福深热1井位于海南省海口市，这口井采用“双驱钻井+高压喷射”等多项自主创新技术，在3900米附近钻获温度达150℃的地热资源储层，在5123米深度钻获温度达188.71℃的地热储层。

中国石化福深热1井项目负责人 郑和荣：福深热1井主要实现了探测海口地区深层地热资源潜力的目标，进一步深化了深层高温地热形成与分布的理论认识。发现了两类三套地热储层，井底温度超过188℃，实现了华南地区寻找深层高温地热资源的突破。

福深热1井自去年8月开钻以来，完成11个回次的取心。目前正在进行井下下套管固井作业。下一步计划通过高压水力压裂技术，对地热储层进行改造，以期形成具有高效储水能力的人工储层，为后期的地热开发利用创造有利条件。

中国工程院院士 郭旭升：未来，依托福深热1井可建成我国华南首个深层地热产学研一体化现场试验研究平台和开发利用示范平台。在此基础上，探索形成适用于我国华南火成岩地区深层地热资源勘探开发的理论方法和关键技术体系，对于我国东南沿海高热流区地热资源勘探开发都具有重要意义。

此前我们所了解到的深井钻探大都是用于开发石油和天然气这一类化石能源，福深热1井则是一口深层地热科学探井，它是用于科学研究及开发利用深层地热资源的。

什么是深层地热资源？如何开发利用？

地热能是一种稳定可靠、绿色低碳的可再生能源，具有储量大、分布广、清洁环保等特点，正逐渐成为全球能源转型的重要方向。福深热1井位于海南省海口市，就从这里开始了解一下我国在此领域的开发情况。

海南位于全球四大高温地热带之一的环太平洋高温地热带上，现代火山活动强烈，距离最近的一个火山口只有不到十公里，是深层地热资源富集区。

中国石化石勘院 冯建赟：要打这样一口深层地热井，需要考虑热源、热储和盖层三个因素，这就好比用燃气灶煮一锅开水，这个地方的“燃气灶”就是地下的火山岩，勘探发现地下广泛的花岗岩就是很好的热储，在花岗岩之上又发育了一套很厚的泥岩，能起到保温作用，就是“锅盖”，这样的条件非常适合开发地热资源。

浅层中深层地热资源已成为人类“热能宝库”

从地面钻井，到地下200米以内，一般就是浅层地热资源，温度低于25℃，它们的特点是温度全年保持稳定，可以利用地表与室外空气温差，在冬季为室内供暖、夏季供冷。从200米继续往下，到3千米之间，是中深层地热资源，埋藏的地下热水也就是我们熟知的温泉，就是其中一种。

深层地热能有广阔开发应用前景

地下3000米以下，存在高温岩体，温度可超180℃甚至200℃以上，但是它里面没有流体，或仅含少量的水，这种高温岩体叫干热岩。福深热1井的钻探目标为2.5亿年前的花岗岩，属于深层干热岩地热井。当前，我国地热资源开发利用多以浅层和中深层的水热型地热为主，而埋深3000米以下的深层地热，尤其是干热岩资源的开发尚处于探索阶段。随着技术不断进步和对清洁能源需求的增加，深层地热能的开发将成为未来能源领域的重要研究方向。

为何此次突破5200米仍然广受关注？

深层地热能如此丰富，我们如何更高效利用它呢？目前通过物探、钻井等手段找到它只是第一步，接下来还需要用水力压裂等人工改造，把高温岩石变得像海绵一样多孔，然后再通过地热井往这个“人造海绵”里注水，用岩石的高温把水加热。最后，通过另一口地热井抽出热水或蒸汽，就可以用来发电等利用了。

我国之前已经实现了过万米的深井钻探，那么为何此次钻探刚突破5200米仍然广受关注？

中国工程院院士 郭旭升：对于油气井来说，埋深大于5000米的井是非常多的，但对于地热井而言，埋深大于3000米已经属于深井。在全球范围内，超过5000米的地热井屈指可数，在我们国家，福深热1井是唯一的一口，也因此广受关注。

中国工程院院士 郭旭升：福深热 1井的成功钻探，首次在华南地区发现隐伏型高温花岗岩热储，这一地区，对地热等清洁能源需求还是非常迫切的，但深层地热勘探多年来，未实现突破。其次，海南前期深层地热研究比较薄弱，可供借鉴的资料也比较少，选区选址难度大。我们研究团队多年来持续攻关，形成了有效的探测评价关键技术，选定了井位，发现了资源。再者， 福深热1井目标储层是花岗岩，硬度高、钻探难度大，叠加180多℃的高温，给安全高效钻探、成井和储层改造带来较大的挑战。

近年来我国多次突破陆海深井钻探深度

无论是深地还是深海，我国向下“钻研”的脚步从未停歇，一项项纪录不断突破，越来越多的极具“深度”的奥秘被揭开，也让我们对脚下的地球有了更深入的了解。

不只是我国首口超5000米深层地热科学探井——福深热1井将钻探至地下5200米，刷新我国地热科学探井的最深纪录；此前，位于新疆塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的中国石油塔里木油田深地塔科1井，钻探深度突破一万米，目前正在继续向目标深度11100米挺进。这也是迄今为止，我国第一口垂直深度超过一万米的井。不仅再次刷新了亚洲最深井纪录，也创造了当今世界上，钻探一万米深井用时最短纪录。

2023年，中国石化“深地一号”部署的跃进3-3XC井点火测试，完钻井深9432米，刷新了亚洲最深井斜深和超深层钻井水平位移两项纪录。近年来，在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地及其周缘，我国已钻成200多口深度超8000米的超深井，超深油气勘探接连突破。推动我国在超深领域找到了一个又一个重要的油气战略接替区。

深海方面，2021年6月投产的“深海一号”超深水大气田天然气探明地质储量超千亿立方米，是我国目前自主开发的水深最深、勘探开发难度最大的海上超深水大气田。目前，“深海一号”二期项目钻井总进尺已超过50000米，相当于6座珠穆朗玛峰的高度，钻井作业整体进度完成90%。“深海一号”二期工程全面投产后，可使“深海一号”超深水大气田储量从1000亿立方米提升至1500亿立方米，年产量从30亿立方米提升至45亿立方米。

未来我们如何持续向深地深海进军？

梳理一下近两年我国的科研团队在海上和陆地不断创下的深井钻探新纪录：

“深海一号”2021年4月15日完钻，其最大水深超过1500米，最大井深达4000米以上；

“深地一号”跃进3-3XC井于2023年10月26日完钻达到9432米；

万米科探井在2024年3月4日钻探到10000米，但是目前还没有完钻，还在继续进行；

福深热1井2024年4月8日，突破了5200米。

未来我国将如何持续向深地深海进军？

中国工程院院士 郭旭升：深地是人类难以达到的、浅地表之下的固体地球深部。随着中浅层资源开发程度不断提高，资源发现难度日益加大，深层越来越被广泛关注，向地球深部进军意义重大。

主要面临三大难题。坚硬：坚硬岩石层进入难。不均匀：探测信号弱、分辨率低。高温高压：仪器设备稳定性差。

向深地深海进军，一是具有较大科学探索意义；二是保障国家资源和经济安全需要；三是推动国内相关行业理论技术装备发展。

下一步攻关方向，一是要重构深地科学理论体系，占领科学新高地。借助人工智能大数据等手段，整合深部油气、地热、固体矿产及地震、火山等理论认识；二是要突破瓶颈新技术，建设深地透明地球；三是要攻关生物资源的绿色开发及深地空间综合利用。

Recently, it was learned from Sinopec that China's first deep geothermal scientific exploration well over 5000 meters - Fu deep heat 1 well successfully drilled to 5200 meters, once again refreshing the deepest record of geothermal scientific exploration Wells in China, and obtained geothermal resources in multiple strata, marking a new breakthrough in deep geothermal exploration in South China.

The FukuShenre 1 well was successfully drilled to a depth of 5,200 meters

The Fushenre 1 well is located in Haikou City, Hainan Province. Using a number of independent innovative technologies such as "dual drive drilling + high pressure injection", the well has drilled a geothermal resource reservoir with a temperature of 150 ° C near 3,900 meters and a geothermal reservoir with a temperature of 188.71 ° C at a depth of 5,123 meters.

Zheng Herong, head of SINOPEC FuShenre 1 Well Project: Fushenre 1 well mainly realizes the goal of exploring the potential of deep geothermal resources in Haikou area, and further deepens the theoretical understanding of the formation and distribution of deep high-temperature geothermal. Two types and three sets of geothermal reservoirs were discovered, and the bottom hole temperature exceeded 188℃, which achieved a breakthrough in searching for deep high-temperature geothermal resources in South China.

The Fushenre 1 well has completed 11 rounds of coring since it started drilling in August last year. Downhole casing cementing operations are currently underway. The next step is to transform the geothermal reservoir through high-pressure hydraulic fracturing technology, in order to form an artificial reservoir with efficient water storage capacity, and create favorable conditions for the exploitation and utilization of geothermal in the later stage.

Guo Xusheng, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering: In the future, relying on the Fushenhot 1 well, the first deep geothermal industry-university-research integrated field test research platform and development and utilization demonstration platform in South China can be built. On this basis, it is of great significance to explore and form a theoretical method and key technology system suitable for the exploration and development of deep geothermal resources in the igneous rock area of South China.

Previously we know that deep well drilling is mostly used for the development of oil and natural gas such as fossil energy, Fushenhot 1 well is a deep geothermal scientific exploration well, it is used for scientific research and development of deep geothermal resources.

What are deep geothermal resources? How to develop and utilize?

Geothermal energy is a stable, reliable, green and low-carbon renewable energy, with large reserves, wide distribution, clean environmental protection and other characteristics, is gradually becoming an important direction of global energy transformation. Fushenre 1 well is located in Haikou city, Hainan Province, from here to learn about the development of this field in China.

Hainan is located in the hot geothermal belt around the Pacific Ocean, one of the world's four hot geotropics, with strong modern volcanic activity, less than 10 kilometers away from the nearest crater, and is a rich area of deep geothermal resources.

Feng Jianyun, Sinopec Prospecting Institute: To hit such a deep geothermal well, you need to consider the three factors of heat source, heat storage and cover, which is just like cooking a pot of water with a gas stove, the "gas stove" in this place is the underground volcanic rock, exploration found that the extensive underground granite is a good heat storage, on the granite and developed a very thick mudstone, can play a role in insulation, is the "pot cover", Such conditions are ideal for the exploitation of geothermal resources.

Shallow and deep geothermal resources have become a "treasure house of heat" for human beings.

From the ground drilling, to the underground 200 meters, is generally shallow geothermal resources, the temperature is less than 25℃, they are characterized by the temperature is stable throughout the year, can use the surface and outdoor air temperature difference, indoor heating in winter, summer cooling. From 200 meters down, to 3 kilometers down, there are medium and deep geothermal resources, and buried underground hot water, known as hot springs, is one of them.

Deep geothermal energy has broad development and application prospects

Below 3000 meters underground, there is a high-temperature rock mass, the temperature can exceed 180℃ or even 200℃ above, but it has no fluid, or only contains a small amount of water, this high-temperature rock mass is called dry hot rock. The drilling target of Fushenre 1 well is 250 million years old granite, which belongs to deep dry hot rock geothermal well. At present, the exploitation and utilization of geothermal resources in China are mainly shallow and middle-deep hydrothermal geothermal, while the exploitation of deep geothermal resources below 3000 meters, especially dry hot rock resources, is still in the exploration stage. With the continuous progress of technology and the increasing demand for clean energy, the development of deep geothermal energy will become an important research direction in the future energy field.

Why is the 5,200 meter breakthrough still so popular?

Deep geothermal energy is so abundant, how can we use it more efficiently? At present, through geophysical exploration, drilling and other means to find it is only the first step, the next need to use hydraulic fracturing and other artificial transformation, the high-temperature rock becomes as porous as a sponge, and then through the geothermal well into this "artificial sponge" water, with the high temperature of the rock to heat the water. Finally, hot water or steam is pumped out through another geothermal well, which can be used to generate electricity and other uses.

China has previously achieved more than 10,000 meters of deep drilling, so why this drilling just exceeded 5,200 meters is still widely concerned?

Guo Xusheng, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering: For oil and gas Wells, there are many Wells with a burial depth greater than 5000 meters, but for geothermal Wells, the burial depth greater than 3000 meters is already a deep well. In the world, there are only a handful of geothermal Wells over 5,000 meters, and in our country, Fushenhot 1 well is the only one, which has attracted wide attention.

Guo Xusheng, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering: The successful drilling of Fushenhot 1 well has for the first time found a hidden high-temperature granite heat reservoir in South China. In this region, the demand for clean energy such as geothermal is still very urgent, but deep geothermal exploration has not achieved a breakthrough for many years. Secondly, the deep geothermal research in Hainan Province is relatively weak in the early stage, and the data for reference is also relatively small, and the selection of the constituency is difficult. Over the years, our research team has continued to tackle key problems, formed effective exploration and eva luation key technologies, selected well locations, and discovered resources. In addition, the target reservoir of Fushenre 1 well is granite, which has high hardness and difficulty in drilling, and the superimposed high temperature of more than 180 ° C brings great challenges to safe and efficient drilling, well completion and reservoir transformation.

In recent years, China has repeatedly broken through the drilling depth of land and sea deep Wells

Whether deep earth or deep sea, China's downward pace of "research" has never stopped, one record continues to break through, more and more mysteries with "depth" have been uncovered, but also let us have a deeper understanding of the earth under our feet.

Not only China's first deep geothermal scientific exploration well over 5,000 meters - Fushenre1 well will be drilled to 5,200 meters underground, refreshing the deepest record of geothermal scientific exploration well in China; Previously, the drilling depth of the deep-ground Takko 1 well in the Tarim Oilfield of petrochina, located in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert in Xinjiang, exceeded 10,000 meters, and it is continuing to advance to the target depth of 11,100 meters. This is also the first vertical depth of more than 10,000 meters in China. Not only has it once again set the record for the deepest well in Asia, but it has also created the record for the shortest time in the world to drill a 10,000-meter deep well.

In 2023, the Yue Advance 3-3XC well deployed by Sinopec's "Deep Earth No. 1" ignition test completed the drilling depth of 9,432 meters, refreshing the two records of Asia's deepest well inclination depth and ultra-deep drilling horizontal displacement. In recent years, in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert and its periphery, China has drilled more than 200 ultra-deep Wells with a depth of more than 8,000 meters, and breakthroughs have been made in ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. Promote our country to find one after another important oil and gas strategic replacement area in the ultra-deep field.

In terms of deep sea, the "Deep Sea No. 1" ultra-deep water gas field, which was put into operation in June 2021, has proved geological reserves of over 100 billion cubic meters, which is the deepest and most difficult offshore ultra-deep water gas field independently developed in China. At present, the total drilling footage of the second phase of the Deep-sea No. 1 project has exceeded 50,000 meters, equivalent to the height of six Mount Everest, and the overall progress of the drilling operation has been 90% completed. After the second phase of the "Deep Sea No. 1" project is fully put into operation, the reserves of the "deep sea No. 1" ultra-deep water large gas field can be increased from 100 billion cubic meters to 150 billion cubic meters, and the annual output can be increased from 3 billion cubic meters to 4.5 billion cubic meters.

How can we continue to move deep into the ocean in the future?

ake a look at the new deep well drilling records set by our scientific research teams in the past two years at sea and on land:

"Deep Sea No. 1" was completed on April 15, 2021, with a maximum water depth of more than 1,500 meters and a maximum well depth of more than 4,000 meters.

"Shendi No. 1" leap into the 3-3XC well on October 26, 2023 to reach 9,432 meters;

The Wanmiko exploration well was drilled to 10,000 meters on March 4, 2024, but has not yet been completed and is still being drilled.

On April 8, 2024, the Fukushen Hot 1 well broke through 5,200 meters.

How will China continue to march to the deep sea in the future?

Guo Xusheng, Academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering: Deep Earth is the deep solid earth beneath the shallow surface that is difficult for humans to reach. With the development of the middle and shallow layer resources, the difficulty of resource discovery is increasing day by day, and the deep layer is paid more and more attention.

There are three major problems. Hard: Hard rock layer is difficult to enter. Uneven: weak detection signal, low resolution. High temperature and high pressure: poor stability of instruments and equipment.

To enter the deep sea, one is of great scientific exploration significance; Second, to ensure national resources and economic security needs; The third is to promote the development of theoretical technology and equipment in relevant domestic industries.

The next step is to reconstruct the theoretical system of deep earth science and occupy new heights of science. With the help of artificial intelligence big data and other means, integrate the theoretical understanding of deep oil and gas, geothermal, solid minerals, earthquakes and volcanoes; Second, we need to break through the bottleneck of new technologies and build a deep and transparent earth. The third is to tackle the green development of biological resources and the comprehensive utilization of deep earth space.